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February 15, 2005
Indian Muslims Don't Need Law Boards
They dictate terms and espouse views on issues that extend from the public domain of Indian Muslims to the privacy of their bedrooms. They are wise and venerable men, but their physical appearance on television and in newspapers just confirms the unjust prejudices against the community.
Stoke a controversy involving Indian Muslims and the usual suspects start emerging from the infested woodwork of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB). And now there are going to be four of them!
All that the AIMPLB has managed to do is to tarnish the image of Indian Muslims. Most negative statements the media quotes on behalf of the board are taken as representative of the community. Truth is that an average Muslim is not governed by them; what the board says is a non-issue for him.
The reality is that Muslims need no law boards - rather, the educational, economic and social backwardness of Muslims are to be immediately addressed. Time has come for all such wheelers and dealers to be sidelined and the community to shoulder the burden of bringing itself into the mainstream.
Interestingly, there will be now four Muslim law boards. The Shias who allege that the AIMPLB has reduced them to a minority within the minority have formed their separate law board. The Barelvi sect believes that the previous board hasn't done one thing positive in all these years and is bound to form Muslim Personal Law Board Jadeed (modern). The women, too, feel that they have been cold-shouldered and given a raw deal and are forming another board.
What a perfect mockery!
The AIMPLB claiming to adopt suitable strategy for protection and continued applicability regarding the Shariah laws is now tottering on its feet.
The board is a Tower of Babel whose members are incapable of taking a unanimous decision. A board member from Kerala, a politician, was also found guilty of the horrendous crime of rape some time ago.
The AIMPLB, formed in 1972, is a motley collection of 201 members, including clerics and some professionals. Of these, 101 are permanent while the rest are on a three-year term. It is felt that the community has to change with the times, but most of the board members represent the more orthodox male opinion. They don't have a progressive viewpoint.
The common Muslim has always objected to the AIMPLB's plea of representing the community. What's more shocking is the manner in which the media takes every word of the Muslim board as gospel, giving it a larger than life importance when it has a minimal impact on the community.
Indian Muslims face multiple problems, possibly more than any other prominent religious group. Some of the baggage they carry is because of how the majority community views them -- which, in fact, is negative, inaccurate, retrogressive, made of half truths, propaganda, outright lies and sometimes trumped up charges. The other baggage is a result of their own inaction, giving rise to opportunistic interlocutors in the form of the personal law boards (now four in number) and their manipulative so-called leaders.
For a start, most Hindus make up their mind about Muslims on the basis of the Muslim faces they see and the Muslim voices they hear in the media which invariably are 80-90-year-old men insisting on the status quo. These men (women not seen!) seem to come from antediluvian times. They are a set of disgruntled, disorganised and divided individuals. Consider the convulsions over issues like triple talaq (divorce), family planning, nikahnama (marriage contract), polygamy, Babri Masjid, etc.
If the law board members are told of the reforms in the talaq, polygamy or family planning even in countries like Pakistan (Family Law Ordinance), Iran or Indonesia, they denounce them saying that they don't follow these countries.
A hue and cry could be heard when the moderate vice president of the AIMPLB and Shia leader Maulana Kalbe Sadiq wanted a second look at issues pertaining to family planning, education and curbing polygamy and triple talaq in one sitting. Now his new Shia board is on the anvil.
Without going into the real meaning of the Quran and Islam, members of the AIMPLB have been issuing statements and posing before cameras, enforcing and interfering in the Shariah -- that in itself is quite malleable and can be shaped according to times so that religious tenets are not infringed upon.
Religious but moderate people in the community believe that the community has to address issues like birth control in its own interest. The AIMPLB should hold a referendum on such important issues. Broadly, the board's members are incapable of saying anything that is less than fundamentalist, orthodox, damaging and inflaming.
The tragedy is that in the pandemonium, the voice of sanity is lost and the media pays no heed to it. Fact is that for those Muslims who choose to embrace modernity, the AIMPLB is an anachronism. What's still more shocking is that by projecting the entire community as obscurantist, the board even harms the cause of the faithful whom it claims to serve.
Fact is that time and again Indian Muslims have been cajoled on matters and terms regarding the triple talaq, appeasement, family planning, polygamy, jihad, kafir (non-believer), conversion and personal law board. As the inhabitants of the land, their joys and sorrows are no different from their Hindu brethren. It is lamentable that the media has been after Muslims and Islam portraying them as irrational. Media is responsible for distorting Muslims and Islam.
The plight of the average Indian Muslims stems primarily from their myths and misconceptions that the majority community nurtures about them. We are as adjusting, if not more, as the other communities.
However, all is not well with the Muslim personal law as it is practised in India today. Though considered sinful, the triple divorce is legally enforceable in the Sunni Hanafi law. Since a vast majority of Muslims in India follow Sunni Hanafi law, many Muslim women become victim of this innovated form of divorce.
Even the new draft of the board doesn't ban the triple talaq. It just calls it unethical. This needs to be done away with. If Muslims themselves are involved in the process of reform, it will be seen as having emanated from within.
How do we involve Muslims in the process? The Pakistani enactment of Family Law Ordinance of 1961 can act as a guideline.
A seven-member Commission on Marriage and Family Laws was appointed by the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan in Pakistan. The terms of reference included whether existing laws governing marriage, divorce, maintenance and other such matters among Muslims require modification in order to give women their proper place in society according to the fundamentals of Islam.
The government of Ayub Khan after a favourable popular response promulgated the Family Law Ordinance, which benefited a large number of women. This is a good model for India. One could constitute a commission comprising Muslim women, judges and lawyers along with one or two ulema. They could issue a similar questionnaire keeping the Indian conditions and specificities in view and evaluate the Muslim public opinion before recommending the necessary reforms. If triple talaq is not abolished right away, at least some provisions could be made in the nikahnama to avoid its abuse by man either through enforcement of talaq-e-tafwid, i.e., delegation of right to divorce to the wife, or through a stipulation that only Quranic form of divorce will be given.
Also, the wife could stipulate in the nikahnama that the husband will not take another wife during her lifetime and, if he does, she will exercise delegated right to divorce that is quite absolute in Shariah. This way of bringing reform may be more acceptable than enforcing it from above.
(The author is a commentator on social and educational issues. He can be reached at firozbakht@rediffmail.com)
This article appeared in Islam Interfaith and is presented here with the permission of Yogi Sikand.
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Savarkar and the Presentation of Hindutva
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Fundamentalist Groups Blamed in Murder of Professor in Bangladesh
Posted by collective at February 15, 2005 04:04 PM
Dear Sir
The following article is sent herewith for your perusal and valued comments/publication/circulation.
Dr. MIH Farooqi,
Retd Scientist, NBRI,
Lucknow, India
mihfarooqi@satyam.net.in
Status of Muslim Societies Around the World
Dr.M.I.H. Farooqi
(Dr. M. Iqtedar Husain Farooqi),
Gen. Secretary, Sir Syed Scientific Society,
(Retd. Scientist (Deputy Director), National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow)
C / 3-2 Shahid Apartments, Golaganj, Lucknow - 226 018
Tel. : 0522-2610683 Email: mihfarooqi@satyam.net.in
There was a time when Islamic Civilization was considered to be the most advanced, tolerant and progressive Civilization in the world. This was mainly because of their accomplishments in practically all the disciplines of knowledge. After 16th century AD, the situation changed drastically. Learning and inquiry was no more the motto of the Muslims with the result that today they occupy the lowest position in the ladder of the world. They are educationally backward, scientifically marginal, politically insignificant and economically poor. This is the present status of the entire Ummah amongst the comity of nations.
Some years back, a well-known economist, Dr Kenneth David, presented World Bank Survey of 1980, on the educational and economic status of religious societies of the world in his book entitled “The Cultural Environment of International Business”. UNDP in 1996 also presented an exhaustive status report of UN Member counties. Since then Human Development Index reports are being issued every year for about one hundred and seventy countries. These important documents are highly revealing since they describe living conditions of all the religious societies i.e. Christians, Buddhists, Jews, Hindus, tribal religions and Muslims as well as non-religious communist society. According to these studies, Christian society is the most advanced society of the world with regard to education, health and economic wealth whereas Muslim society is the most backward on these counts. Based on the reports by David and UNDP, disparities of the status of Muslim and Christian societies are being given in the present paper.
According to Kenneth David, literacy of Christian world in 1980 was on an average 90% and about 15 countries had a literacy of 100%. On the other hand, average literacy in the Muslim countries was less than 40% and none had 100% literacy. More or less the same situation continued afterwards and in 2001 UNDP reported an average of 60 percent literacy in Islamic countries and between 95 to 100% in the Western nations of Christians. Among the literates of the Christian world, hardly 2% of the population did not complete school education whereas 50% of the so-called literates of the Muslim societies never attended modern schools. In the Christian society literacy implies education of at least primary level whereas in Muslim society a person who could read and write is considered to be literate. If the criterion of the Christian world is taken into account then hardly 10% population of the Muslim countries can claim to be literate. The importance of education in the Christian countries can be judged by the fact that around 40% get higher education including specialization in various disciplines of science. This is less than 2% in Muslim countries. Even the standard of higher education of the meagre 2% is lower in Muslim countries when compared with the Christian world. As a matter of fact, many of the highly educated Muslims get specialized knowledge of science, engineering and medicine in the Christian West. This is in contrast with the situation prevailing during Middle Ages when Christians used to travel to Muslim Spain for getting higher education in medicine, mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy etc. During that period universities of Spain, Baghdad, Egypt and other cities of the Islamic countries were considered to be the best in the world. Now none of the Universities in the Islamic world can be compared with the Universities of the West. A recent study by the Shanghai University has listed 500 Top Universities of the World. Not a single University from the Islamic countries find a place in the List. What an unfortunate situation indeed.
Education is directly related with the economy of any society; higher the education, better the economic growth. According to Kenneth half of the Muslim population (about 1.3 billion), had the per capita GDP of $ 200, whereas very few Muslim countries including oil-producing nations had the per capita income of $1000 or more. As compared to this, more than half of the Christian population had an income (per capita GDP) of $7000, and the average was around $3000.This was all about the status of the Muslim and the Christian world in 80’s. After 1980, world’s economic order was raised to great heights. According to UNDP report of 1999, economy of European countries advanced to the extent that their per capita income was raised to about $ 25,000 and the rest of the Christian countries saw a rise up to $10,000. In comparison with this rise of economic status of the western countries, Muslim countries lagged far behind and their average per capita GDP advanced to hardly a thousand dollars. Only few oil producing countries could manage an average per capita GNP of $5000 or more. But they constitute hardly ten per cent of the entire Muslim population. It may be stated here that as per the report in OIL AND GAS GENERAL (1998), out of 18 oil-producing countries, 10 are Muslim nations, producing 40% of the world’s total petrol production. In spite of this God’s gift, Muslim society is economically much weaker than the Christian society
The reports suggest that after 1980 Muslim countries could not compete with the western world in the field of economic growth. The main reason for this unfortunate situation was their rivalries amongst themselves resulting in very high expenditure on their respective defense budgets. For instance, Saudi Arabia’s per capita income in 1980 was $ 7,690, which dropped to $ 7,040 in 1996 mainly because of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. Likewise, income of Iran, Iraq and Libya (all oil producing countries) also dropped considerably. As against this dismal position, per capita income of Germany advanced from $9,580 in 1980 to $28,870 in 1996. Per capita incomes of Britain, France and Australia etc similarly improved tremendously.
After the Second World War, almost all the countries of the world have been busy in increasing their military capabilities. Muslim nations, inspite of the poverty of their people are also involved in this mad race for military might. They have large trained armies, which are estimated to be 100 million. This is one third of the total world armed forces. After the Second World War, there has not been any major Christian-Muslim armed conflict, except the recent Iraq and Afghanistan crises but there have been several bloody wars amongst Muslim nations themselves in which millions have lost their lives.
Muslim nations spend 10-30% of their GDP towards purchasing sophisticated and deadly arms and ammunitions from the West. On the other hand, western nations spend about 10% of their wealth on their arms procurement, which is carried out within the Christian world.
According to Kenneth, there are several factors for the backwardness of the Muslim society. First and foremost is their illiteracy in general and women illiteracy in particular. Another major reason of Muslim fall is the fact that hardly 16% of population is involved in industrial production. It is important to note that 60% of Christian population is engaged in industry. High population growth is another major factor for Muslim backwardness because this rapid population rise neutralizes whatever economic development takes place in Muslim Societies. Human Development Index prepared by UNDP gives a very dismal picture of the status of literacy, health and economy of Muslim nations. In the first 25 best countries listed under HDI (2002), no Muslim country figured in the list. Barring few small oil producing Muslim nations, majority of the Islamic world lies in the middle and low categories of human development, a clear indication that the Islamic nations needs to increase their focus on human development. Latest data (2002) about the Human Development Index (HDI) and Per capita GDP of some of the important and large populated Muslim countries are as follows;
HDI Income
(Per Capita)
Indonesia: 112 850$
(Population 210 M)
Bangladesh: 139 350$
(150 M)
Pakistan, 144 500$
(1300 M)
India 127 500$
(I Billion, Muslims, 140 M)
Egypt: 120 1200$
(70 M)
Turkey 96 2700$
(65 M)
Iran 106 $1,600
(70 M)
S. Arabia 73 $9,000
(22 M)
Malaysia 58 $4,000
(25 M)
Sudan 138 $450
(30 M)
Nigeria 152 $350
(120 M)
Libya 61 $7,000
(6 M)
Morocco 126 $1,300
(30 M)
Afghanistan 145 $300
(24 M)
Iraq 74 $5,500
(2.5 M)
Tunisia 91 $2,000
(10 M)
Syria 110 $1,300
(15 M)
Algeria 73 $1,700
(30 M)
It may be stated that the few Muslim countries, which do figure between 25 to 50 HDI, are Brunei, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Bahrain and Qatar. Their per capita GDP is also comparatively higher i.e. between 10,000 to 15,000 dollars but combined population of all these Muslim countries is hardly 30 millions. One must bear in mind that total GDP of all the Arab oil producing counties (12 in numbers) is less than the GDP of Spain alone. Ironically Muslim Spain during Middle Ages had higher revenue (because of the industrial products like Textile, Paper, mineral etc) than the whole of the Christian Europe (eleventh Century AD). Today Germany alone has a GDP of 3 thousand Billion Dollars that is almost twice of the entire Muslim World. Per capita GDP of major Christian countries is also staggering. A few examples with higher Human Development Index (HDI) and per capita incomes are as below:
HDI Income
(Per Capita)
USA 7 37,000$
(270M)
Germany 18 25,000$
(90M)
UK 13 $25,000
(60M)
France, 17 $25,000
(60M)
Canada 8 $26,000
(30M)
Italy 21 $20,000
(60M)
Spain 19 $17,000
(40M)
Netherlands 5 $26,000
(15M)
Denmark 11 $31,000
(5M)
Austria 16 $25,000
(6M)
Sweden, 3 $26,000
(10M)
Switzerland 10 $41,000
(7M)
Norway 1 $40,000
(5M)
Belgium 6 $24,000
(10M)
Russia 63 $2,400
(150M)
Scientific achievement of the Muslim society cannot be considered to be of any consequence. Out of the total of 2,60,000 articles published every year on scientific research, hardly 2,500 i.e. about 1% are published in Muslim countries. One can be reminded that during Middle Ages the situation was entirely different. According to European authors of History of Science almost ninety percent of scientific literature during Middle Ages was published (in Arabic) by Muslims of Spain, Egypt, Iraq, and Iran etc.
There are many other parameters, which show the backwardness of Muslim Societies in scientific field. For instance, total number of Science Ph.D.’s produced by about 450 Universities of Muslim Countries every year is less than 500, whereas in UK alone this number is 3000. According to one estimate total strength of Engineers and Scientist in Muslim world (1.30billion) is less than the scientists and engineers working in France alone (population 60million).
Well known Islamic thinker Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, once said while addressing Muslims at a Seminar, “You have spent several nights of indifference (Urdu-ghaflat) and complacency (Urdu-sarshari). For God’s sake, get up now and see how much the sun has risen and how far your co-travelers (non-Muslims) have gone ahead of you”. In the same seminar Maulana also said, ‘”after 16th Century, the situation of knowledge (Scientific) in Muslim and Christian societies changed completely. Now Christians started following Muslims way of progressive thinking and enquiry whereas Muslims copied Christian’s way of life of Middle Ages that was full of superstition, bigotry and retrograde thoughts”.
Maulana Rabey Hasan Nadvi, Rector of Nadva Islamic University, Lucknow, also once wrote, “Europe (West) became the leader of the world by working hard and following the path of scientific pursuit. On the other hand we (the Muslims) became indifferent towards knowledge and lost leadership of the nations”.
According to Kenneth, practically every society of the world put hindrances (in the name of religion) in scientific development during 19th and 20th Century. Buddhists Priests opposed fast changing social order. Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants were the causes for slowing development in Europe. Caste differences among Hindus were reflected in the slow growth of their society. Sectarian hatred and too much interference of religious leaders (clerics) put difficulties in proper development of Muslims nations. In this regards David Kenneth says ‘the way of life (standard of living) in Muslim countries cannot be altered unless the priests (Ulema) are favourable to proposed changes.”
Kenneth further elaborates that Muslim Ulema , generally ignorant of the rapid development of Science and technology in Western Nations and their high standard of living, consider the poor economic condition of the Ummah (Muslim society) to be the Divine Will. This is definitely unIslamic way of thinking. It was in this context that prominent Islamic scholars, like Afghani and Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, remarked, “Ulema ignorant of modern knowledge can not serve the Ummah”. Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi, Founder Member of Rabita al-Alam al-Islami (Muslim World League), also expressed his anguish over Muslim’s indifference towards modern knowledge by saying, “Muslims forgot their own scientific way of thinking and followed only traditional knowledge. They therefore lagged behind in Science and Technology and thus became slaves of the scientifically advanced West”. Mahathir Mohammad, Prime Minister of Malaysia also declared during the Islamic Conference in Kuala Lumpur recently that, “ it is necessary for Muslims to give up their illogical beliefs and regressing thoughts and be prepared to face the challenges of the fast changing social order.” He also cautioned, (at a meeting in London) “. our present predicament is not pre-ordained by Allah. It is entirely due to our own doing. We rely merely on praying to Allah for help when Allah has said in the Quran that we have to help ourselves before He will help us. To ward off attacks on us, we must learn science and technology and consider acquiring modern knowledge as the part of ibadah” If the Muslim Societies around the world do not heed the advice of Mahathir, they are then doomed He also advised rightly Muslim nations to avoid any confrontation with the powerful West. Long back Philosopher- Poet Iqbal had rightly said ‘ “Teri barbadiyon ke mashware hain aasmanon mein” (There are clear indications (planning) in the sky of your fall from grace’. (If you do not realize the importance of necessary change)
UNESCO Approves Qur’anic Botanical Gardens
at Doha, Qatar and other cities of Arab World
A proposal to set up a botanical garden based on the scientific and aesthetic concepts contained in the Holy Quran has been approved by the Unesco Headquarters.. The expert team that authored the proposal consists of architect Guido Licciardi(Italy) vegetation ecologists, Dr Shaukhat Ali Chaudhary(Pakistan) and Dr Benno Boer(UNESCO Adviser), horticulturists Dr Rashid Idriss(Kuwait) ,Islamic expert and Plant Scientist Dr Mohamed Iqtedar Husain Farooqi(India) and landscape architect Grant Donald(Australia).
Dr Farooqi is the author of The Plants of the Quran, and the Medicinal Plants in the Tradition of Prophet Muhammad.
The garden features will be based on the verses (more than 150) that mention the Gardens of Paradise (Jannat al-Firdaws) in the Holy Quran. .The proposed project would help achieve important objectives in the fields of environmental conservation, scientific research, education and recreation, the Unesco said.. The Quranic Botanical Garden will also be a meaningful opportunity in the field of scientific research, in order to study the sophisticated link between biodiversity and ecosystems, the adviser said.
(Gulf News,The Peninsula, BG Conservation International, U.N. Environment Programme, UNESCO Press Release, Times of India, Hindustan Times, Indian Express, Pioneer)
Latest Revised and Enlarged Editions
Scientific Books on Qur’an and Prophetic Sayings
PLANTS OF THE QUR’AN -(Edition 2003) ISBN-81-900290-9-6
(Illustrated by Plant Photographs and Drawings)
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PROPHETIC TRADITIONS (Edition 2004) ISBN-81-2900290-5-3
(Medicinal, Food and Aromatic Plants)
(Illustrated by Plant Photographs and Drawings)
By
Dr. M.I.H. Farooqi (Alig)
(Dr. Mohammad Iqtedar Husain Farooqi)
(Retd Dy Director (Scientist) & Head, Plant Chemistry Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, INDIA)
Secretary, Urdu Scientific Society, C-3/2 Shahid Apartments, Golaganj, Lucknow-226018
Tel; 9839901066, 0522-2610683S
Email: mihfarooqi@satyam.net.in
(Some of the plants described in the above two books include Cedar, Date Palm, Olive, Black cumin, Manna (Plant Product), Camphor Plant, Euphorbia, Costus, Senna, Aloes etc)
“Important addition to Quranic Literature”(Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi)
“Important addition to Scripture Botany” –(Economic Botany J- -New York)
The books referred to above contain scientific descriptions (Botany, Chemistry & Medicinal Properties) of Medicinal, Food and Aromatic Plants mentioned in Quran and Sunnah with relevant references of Verses and Ahadith. (Prophetic Sayings). Eminent Islamic scholars and scientists have extensively reviewed both the books worldwide. Magazines, Journals and Newspapers including Economic Botany, New York, have published detailed reviews. These books are considered as the best and most authentic works on the subject and important addition to scripture botany.
Internationally known Islamic thinker Late Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, Founder-Member, Rabita Al-Islami, Makkah Mukarramah, has written scholarly Preface for both the books and the renowned Botanist Dr. S.K. Jain (Former Director, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta) has contributed the Introduction to the books.
Maulana Rabe Hasani, Rector, Nadwa Islamic University and Member, Rabita, “the books have removed much confusions in the interpretations of Quran and Sunnah”.
Prof. J. Vassal, Botany Deptt. Of Toulouse University, France “the books as the important and valuable sum of knowledge”.
Prof. M. Ilyas, Head, Chemistry Department of Aligarh Muslim University:- “the books are the only ones on the subject with coherent scientific reasoning”.
Prof.D.M.W.Anderson Chemistry Department, Edingburgh University :- “because of originality of thoughts the book is a valuable contribution to the religious as well as scientific literature”.
Dr. A. Yamani, Chairman of IQRA International Foundation, Saudi Arabia :- “the Book (Plants of Quran) has really filled a gap in Quranic Studies that has been yawing for centuries”.
Maulana Dr.Kalbe Sadiq, Chairman Tauheed Trust, Lucknow :- “the books are the excellent contribution towards Islamic Ma’arif (Knowledge)”.
Dr. S.K. Jain, former Director, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta,:- “ the information given in the books may be salvaged for the benefit of mankind”.
Sidrah Publishers
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Tel; 0522-2610683, 9839901066
E-mail: mihfarooqi@satyam.net.in or mihfarooqi@yahoo.com
Or Write to
Dr. M. I. H. Farooqi
Shahid Apartments, Golaganj,Lucknow-226018
Tel; 9839901066,
Email: mihfarooqi@satyam.net.in
Price (in India):
Plants of Quran : Rs160/-(PB) & Rs 200/-(HB)
Medicinal Plants of Prophet Muhammad: Rs 150/-(PB) & Rs 200/-(HB).
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Books are also available with some other prominent booksellers of New Delhi.
Persian, Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam & Kannada Versions of Plants of Quran also available.
Arabic Version is expected to be made available soon;
Urdu Version is titled as Nabatate Quran. Persian version Gayahan dar Quran has been published from Islamic Research Foundation, Mashad, Iran
Hindi Version Entitled “Qurani Paudhe-Vigyanic Drishti Se “has just been published and released by Sidrah Publishers (Price Rs 150/=)
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